This is nco.info, produced by makeinfo version 7.1.1 from nco.texi. INFO-DIR-SECTION netCDF START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY * NCO:: User Guide for the netCDF Operator suite END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY This file documents NCO, a collection of utilities to manipulate and analyze netCDF files. Copyright © 1995-2024 Charlie Zender This is the first edition of the ‘NCO User Guide’, and is consistent with version 2 of ‘texinfo.tex’. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. The license is available online at The original author of this software, Charlie Zender, wants to improve it with the help of your suggestions, improvements, bug-reports, and patches. Charlie Zender (yes, my surname is zender) 3200 Croul Hall Department of Earth System Science University of California, Irvine Irvine, CA 92697-3100  Indirect: nco.info-1: 1120 nco.info-2: 301729 nco.info-3: 614468 nco.info-4: 916754  Tag Table: (Indirect) Node: Top1120 Node: Foreword2822 Node: Summary7988 Node: Introduction8795 Node: Availability9083 Ref: Availability-Footnote-111264 Node: How to Use This guide11676 Node: Compatability13491 Ref: Compatability-Footnote-119037 Ref: Compatability-Footnote-219185 Node: Windows Operating System19391 Ref: Windows Operating System-Footnote-121993 Node: Symbolic Links22234 Node: Libraries24250 Ref: Libraries-Footnote-125409 Node: netCDF2/3/4 and HDF4/5 Support25593 Ref: netCDF2/3/4 and HDF4/5 Support-Footnote-136590 Ref: netCDF2/3/4 and HDF4/5 Support-Footnote-236881 Ref: netCDF2/3/4 and HDF4/5 Support-Footnote-337247 Ref: netCDF2/3/4 and HDF4/5 Support-Footnote-437369 Ref: netCDF2/3/4 and HDF4/5 Support-Footnote-538450 Node: Help Requests and Bug Reports38944 Node: Strategies43846 Node: Philosophy44244 Node: Climate Model Paradigm45782 Node: Temporary Output Files46421 Ref: Temporary Output Files-Footnote-151641 Ref: Temporary Output Files-Footnote-251759 Node: Appending Variables51868 Ref: Appending Variables-Footnote-153961 Ref: Appending Variables-Footnote-254146 Node: Simple Arithmetic and Interpolation54303 Node: Statistics vs Concatenation55058 Ref: Statistics vs Concatenation-Footnote-156273 Ref: Statistics vs Concatenation-Footnote-256550 Node: Concatenation56937 Node: Averaging60613 Node: Interpolating62098 Node: Large Numbers of Files62626 Ref: Large Numbers of Files-Footnote-168623 Node: Large Datasets68959 Node: Memory Requirements71888 Node: Single and Multi-file Operators73339 Ref: Single and Multi-file Operators-Footnote-179128 Node: Memory for ncap279294 Node: Performance80786 Node: Shared features82785 Node: Internationalization84438 Node: Metadata Optimization85022 Node: OpenMP Threading86983 Node: Command Line Options91044 Ref: Command Line Options-Footnote-193541 Node: Truncating Long Options93834 Node: Multi-arguments95530 Ref: Multi-arguments-Footnote-1100115 Node: Sanitization of Input100412 Node: Specifying Input Files103083 Ref: Specifying Input Files-Footnote-1112518 Node: Specifying Output Files112863 Node: Remote storage114660 Ref: Remote storage-Footnote-1120309 Ref: Remote storage-Footnote-2120538 Ref: Remote storage-Footnote-3120892 Node: OPeNDAP121329 Ref: OPeNDAP-Footnote-1127744 Ref: OPeNDAP-Footnote-2128325 Ref: OPeNDAP-Footnote-3128795 Ref: OPeNDAP-Footnote-4129046 Ref: OPeNDAP-Footnote-5129438 Node: Retaining Retrieved Files129703 Node: File Formats and Conversion131967 Node: File Formats133166 Ref: File Formats-Footnote-1137448 Node: Determining File Format137640 Node: File Conversion141201 Ref: File Conversion-Footnote-1142977 Node: Autoconversion143220 Node: Zarr and NCZarr147667 Node: Large File Support151408 Ref: Large File Support-Footnote-1152951 Node: Subsetting Files152989 Ref: Subsetting Files-Footnote-1168578 Node: Subsetting Coordinate Variables168813 Node: Group Path Editing172025 Node: Flattening Groups174207 Node: Moving Groups179347 Ref: Moving Groups-Footnote-1181538 Node: Dismembering Files181727 Node: Checking CF-compliance189872 Ref: Checking CF-compliance-Footnote-1197252 Node: C and Fortran Index Conventions197408 Node: Hyperslabs199215 Node: Stride205996 Node: Record Appending209337 Node: Subcycle213139 Ref: Subcycle-Footnote-1217120 Node: Interleave217230 Node: Multislabs222672 Node: Wrapped Coordinates230624 Node: Auxiliary Coordinates233562 Node: Grid Generation240822 Ref: Grid Generation-Footnote-1268738 Ref: Grid Generation-Footnote-2269200 Node: Regridding269789 Node: Climatology and Bounds Support301729 Node: UDUnits Support306056 Node: Rebasing Time Coordinate315599 Node: Multiple Record Dimensions318656 Node: Missing Values320981 Ref: Missing Values-Footnote-1326917 Ref: Missing Values-Footnote-2327162 Node: Chunking327271 Ref: Chunking-Footnote-1345915 Node: Quantization Algorithms346165 Node: Compression349039 Ref: fgr:qnt_cr_dfl361593 Ref: fgr:qnt_cr_bz2370194 Ref: fgr:qnt_cr_zst372793 Ref: Compression-Footnote-1373831 Ref: Compression-Footnote-2373955 Ref: Compression-Footnote-3374043 Ref: Compression-Footnote-4374139 Ref: Compression-Footnote-5374702 Ref: Compression-Footnote-6374919 Node: Linear Packing375110 Node: Precision-Preserving Compression376659 Ref: Precision-Preserving Compression-Footnote-1403762 Ref: Precision-Preserving Compression-Footnote-2404132 Ref: Precision-Preserving Compression-Footnote-3404554 Ref: Precision-Preserving Compression-Footnote-4405673 Ref: Precision-Preserving Compression-Footnote-5407041 Node: Deflation407239 Node: MD5 digests409484 Node: Buffer sizes413461 Ref: Buffer sizes-Footnote-1414759 Node: RAM disks414883 Node: Unbuffered I/O419896 Node: Packed data421195 Ref: Packed data-Footnote-1428969 Node: Operation Types429146 Node: Type Conversion436866 Node: Automatic type conversion438132 Ref: Automatic type conversion-Footnote-1444942 Ref: Automatic type conversion-Footnote-2444965 Ref: Automatic type conversion-Footnote-3445158 Node: Promoting Single-precision to Double445362 Ref: Promoting Single-precision to Double-Footnote-1464275 Ref: Promoting Single-precision to Double-Footnote-2464740 Ref: Promoting Single-precision to Double-Footnote-3465233 Ref: Promoting Single-precision to Double-Footnote-4465533 Ref: Promoting Single-precision to Double-Footnote-5465638 Node: Manual type conversion465702 Node: Batch Mode466687 Node: Global Attribute Addition467848 Node: History Attribute470367 Ref: History Attribute-Footnote-1473997 Node: File List Attributes474246 Node: CF Conventions476050 Node: ARM Conventions492197 Node: Operator Version494312 Node: Reference Manual495470 Node: ncap2 netCDF Arithmetic Processor496604 Node: Syntax of ncap2 statements502339 Node: Expressions503711 Node: Dimensions511071 Node: Left hand casting513320 Node: Arrays and hyperslabs518122 Node: Attributes524550 Node: Value List528310 Node: Number literals529565 Node: if statement533518 Node: Print & String methods535742 Node: Missing values ncap2539920 Node: Methods and functions545006 Node: RAM variables552298 Node: Where statement553579 Node: Loops558902 Node: Include files560250 Node: Sort methods561474 Node: UDUnits script572831 Node: Vpointer576551 Node: Irregular grids581017 Node: Bilinear interpolation586546 Node: GSL special functions590796 Ref: GSL special functions-Footnote-1613146 Node: GSL interpolation614468 Node: GSL least-squares fitting616548 Node: GSL statistics620604 Node: GSL random number generation624377 Node: Examples ncap2628883 Node: Intrinsic mathematical methods636454 Ref: Intrinsic mathematical methods-Footnote-1641807 Ref: Intrinsic mathematical methods-Footnote-2642666 Node: Operator precedence and associativity642739 Node: ID Quoting645291 Node: make_bounds() function647832 Node: solar_zenith_angle function649076 Node: ncatted netCDF Attribute Editor650438 Ref: ncatted netCDF Attribute Editor-Footnote-1671143 Node: ncbo netCDF Binary Operator672224 Ref: ncbo netCDF Binary Operator-Footnote-1686026 Ref: ncbo netCDF Binary Operator-Footnote-2686215 Ref: ncbo netCDF Binary Operator-Footnote-3686575 Ref: ncbo netCDF Binary Operator-Footnote-4686635 Ref: ncbo netCDF Binary Operator-Footnote-5686707 Ref: ncbo netCDF Binary Operator-Footnote-6686913 Node: ncchecker netCDF Compliance Checker687270 Node: ncclimo netCDF Climatology Generator689334 Ref: ncclimo netCDF Climatology Generator-Footnote-1773814 Ref: ncclimo netCDF Climatology Generator-Footnote-2774225 Ref: ncclimo netCDF Climatology Generator-Footnote-3774492 Node: ncecat netCDF Ensemble Concatenator774802 Node: nces netCDF Ensemble Statistics784440 Ref: nces netCDF Ensemble Statistics-Footnote-1794590 Ref: nces netCDF Ensemble Statistics-Footnote-2794868 Node: ncflint netCDF File Interpolator795391 Node: ncks netCDF Kitchen Sink804245 Ref: ncks netCDF Kitchen Sink-Footnote-1876561 Ref: ncks netCDF Kitchen Sink-Footnote-2876879 Ref: ncks netCDF Kitchen Sink-Footnote-3877250 Node: Filters for ncks877365 Node: ncpdq netCDF Permute Dimensions Quickly892643 Ref: ncpdq netCDF Permute Dimensions Quickly-Footnote-1914676 Ref: ncpdq netCDF Permute Dimensions Quickly-Footnote-2914781 Ref: ncpdq netCDF Permute Dimensions Quickly-Footnote-3915362 Node: ncra netCDF Record Averager916754 Node: ncrcat netCDF Record Concatenator926713 Node: ncremap netCDF Remapper931334 Ref: ncremap netCDF Remapper-Footnote-11083568 Ref: ncremap netCDF Remapper-Footnote-21083979 Ref: ncremap netCDF Remapper-Footnote-31084062 Ref: ncremap netCDF Remapper-Footnote-41084204 Ref: ncremap netCDF Remapper-Footnote-51084530 Ref: ncremap netCDF Remapper-Footnote-61084997 Ref: ncremap netCDF Remapper-Footnote-71085283 Node: ncrename netCDF Renamer1085357 Node: ncwa netCDF Weighted Averager1102001 Ref: ncwa netCDF Weighted Averager-Footnote-11107438 Ref: ncwa netCDF Weighted Averager-Footnote-21107579 Node: Mask condition1107785 Ref: Mask condition-Footnote-11109260 Node: Normalization and Integration1109460 Ref: Normalization and Integration-Footnote-11115265 Ref: Normalization and Integration-Footnote-21115339 Ref: Normalization and Integration-Footnote-31115463 Node: Contributing1115632 Ref: Contributing-Footnote-11116367 Node: Contributors1116781 Node: Citation1121144 Node: Proposals for Institutional Funding1122560 Node: Quick Start1123735 Node: Daily data in one file1124212 Node: Monthly data in one file1125634 Node: One time point one file1127296 Node: Multiple files with multiple time points1128253 Node: CMIP5 Example1128745 Node: Combine Files1131481 Node: Global Distribution of Long-term Average1140935 Ref: fgr:glb1141171 Node: Annual Average over Regions1145947 Ref: fgr:anl1146157 Node: Monthly Cycle1159055 Ref: fgr:mon1159214 Node: Regrid MODIS Data1166279 Node: Add Coordinates to MODIS Data1173839 Node: Permute MODIS Coordinates1175841 Node: Parallel1177778 Node: CCSM Example1178130 Node: mybibnode1190815 Ref: ZeM071190940 Ref: Zen081191171 Ref: WZJ071191379 Ref: ZMW061191765 Ref: ZeW071192005 Ref: WZJ061192420 Ref: WZJ0731192610 Ref: WZJ0741193058 Ref: WZJ0811193260 Ref: WZJ0911193540 Ref: PFT881193758 Node: General Index1193885  End Tag Table  Local Variables: coding: utf-8 End: